Brain Abscess and Esophageal Dilatation: Where is the Link? ­ Case Report

Introduction Caustic substance ingestion is a common cause of esophageal stricture in children. The primary treatment is esophageal dilatation. Although it is known that endoscopic esophageal dilatation is a procedure associated with a high rate of bacteremia, current guidelines do not recommend routine throat swab cultures or antibiotic prophylaxis for the general children population. Case Report We describe a case of a 7-year-old boy presenting with refractory headaches who was diagnosed with cranial abscess after multiple esophageal dilatations due to stenosis caused by caustic soda ingestion. The patient was subjected to neurosurgical intervention and intravenous antibiotic treatment for 6 weeks. Streptococcus viridans culture was positive in purulent abscess content. Conclusion We highlight this condition that, although rare, needs immediate diagnosis and proper treatment. We also recommend routine testing of throat swabs and antibiotics prophylaxis to children undergoing esophageal dilatation.

Tratamento das estenoses esofágicas benignas simples com dilatadores de Savary-Gilliard: ainda é necessária a regra de três? / Treating simple benign esophageal strictures with savary-gilliard dilators: is the rule of three still necessary?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Bougies dilation is considered an effective technique for the treatment of simple benign esophageal strictures. The "rule of three" has been advocated to prevent reported adverse events such as bleeding and perforation. However, adherence to this rule has increased the cost and duration of treatment. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the safety and long-term benefits of progressive bougie dilations until reaching 15 mm (45Fr) in one single session endoscopy with non-adherence to the rule of three. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected data of patients with simple benign esophageal strictures treated with multiple progressive bougie dilators until reaching 15 mm (45Fr) in one single session. RESULTS: The median age was 58 years (range 28-89), and 83.3% of patients were female. The main presenting symptom was dysphagia for solids in 11/12 cases (91.6%). The cause of their simple benign esophageal stricture was distributed as follows: 7/12 esophageal webs, 2/12 peptic stenosis, 2/12 Schatzki rings and one caustic injury. 75% required only one session for clinical success. No serious adverse events were described. No recurrence of symptoms was noted in a median follow-up of 20 months. CONCLUSION: The rule of three in patients with simple benign esophageal strictures secondary to esophageal webs, Schatzki rings and peptic strictures treated with Savary-Gilliard dilators is not necessary, showing good clinical results. Prospective studies with more patients are necessary.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A dilatação por velas é considerada uma técnica eficaz para o tratamento de estenoses esofágicas benignas simples. A "regra de três" tem sido defendida para prevenir eventos adversos relatados, como sangramento e perfuração. No entanto, a adesão a esta regra aumentou o custo e a duração do tratamento. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a segurança e os benefícios de longo prazo das dilatações progressivas por velas até chegar a 15 mm (45Fr) em uma única sessão de endoscopia com não adesão à regra de três. MÉTODOS: Uma análise retrospectiva de dados coletados prospectivamente de pacientes com estenoses esofágicas benignas simples tratadas com múltiplos dilatadores de velas progressivas até atingir 15 mm (45Fr) em uma única sessão. RESULTADOS: A mediana de idade foi de 58 anos (variação de 28-89) e 83,3% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. O principal sintoma de apresentação foi a disfagia para sólidos em 11/12 casos (91,6%). A causa da estenose esofágica benigna simples foi distribuída como segue: 7/12 membranas esofágicas, 2/12 estenose péptica, 2/12 anéis de Schatzki e um ferimento cáustico. 75% necessitaram apenas de uma sessão para o sucesso clínico. Não foram descritos eventos adversos graves. Nenhum retorno dos sintomas foi anotado em uma continuação mediana de 20 meses. CONCLUSÃO: A regra de três em pacientes com as estenoses esofágicas benignas simples secundárias às membranas esofágicas, os anéis de Schatzki e as estenoses péptica tratadas com os dilatadores de Savary-Gilliard não é necessária, mostrando bons resultados clínicos. Estudos prospectivos com mais pacientes são necessários.

Complications After endoscopic balloon dilatation of esophageal strictures in children. Experience from a tertiary center in Shiraz - Iran (Nemazee Teaching Hospital) / Complicaciones posteriores a dilatación endoscópica con balón en niños con estenosis esofágica. Experiencia de un centro de referencia en Shiraz - Iran (Nemazee Teaching Hospital)

Background: Esophageal stricture is one of the most important complication of the caustic ingestion. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate complications of balloon dilatation among children with esophageal stenosis. Material and methods: In this retrospective study 82 children were included. Children who underwent balloon dilatation for esophageal stenosis were included in our study. Duration of study was 14 year starting from 2001. Mean age of the cases was 3.95±0.4 year (Min: 15 days, Max: 14 year). Chart review and telephone calling were the methods of data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: In this study, 47% of the patients were male and 53% of the cases were female. Caustic ingestion (33.7%) was the most common etiology for the esophageal stricture. Vomiting (87.8%) was the most common presenting symptom. Among our cases, 76.8% had no compliant after esophageal dilatation. Chest pain was the most common compliant after esophageal dilatation. Response rate was similar among boys and girls. Toddler age had the best treatment response after esophageal dilatation. Conclusion: Among our cases, 76.8% had no post procedural compliant after esophageal dilatation. Esophageal perforation was seen in 4.9% of the cases. Chest pain was the most common post dilatation complication.

Antecedentes: La estenosis esofágica es una de las más importantes complicaciones de la ingesta de caústicos. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las complicaciones de la dilatación endoscópica con balón en niños con estenosis esofágica. Material y métodos: En este estudio retrospectivo se incluyeron 82 niños. Se incluyeron todos los niños que se sometieron a una dilatación endoscópica con balón por estenosis esofágica. La duración del estudio fue 14 años iniciando en el año 2001. La edad media de los pacientes fue 3,95 +/- 0,4 años (Min. 15 días, Máx. 14 años). La recolección de datos se realizó revisando las historias clínicas y con llamadas telefónicas. Los datos se analizaron con el Sistema SPSS. Resultados: En este estudio, 47% de los casos fueron varones y 53% fueron mujeres. La ingesta de caústicos fue la causa más frecuente de estenosis esofágica (33,7%). El síntoma más común fueron los vómitos (87,8%). Entre nuestros casos, 76,8% no presentaron molestias luego de la dilatación esofágica. El dolor torácico fue la molestia más común luego de la dilatación esofágica. La tasa de respuesta al tratamiento fue similar entre hombres y mujeres. Los niños pequeños tuvieron la mejor respuesta al tratamiento luego de la dilatación esofágica. Conclusiones: Entre nuestros casos, 76,8% no presentaron molestias luego de la dilatación esofágica. La perforación esofágica se presentó en 4,9% de los casos. El dolor torácico fue la complicación más común posterior a la dilatación.

Estenosis esofágica congénita: diagnóstico y tratamiento. Serie de casos / Congenital esophageal stenosis: diagnosis and treatment. Cases review

La estenosis esofágica congénita es una patología infrecuente y no existe un tratamiento estandarizado. Se evaluó el diagnóstico, tratamiento y evolución de 11 pacientes con estenosis esofágica congénita tratados en nuestro centro. El síntoma más frecuente fue la disfagia. La edad al momento del diagnóstico varió entre 1 día y 14 años (media= 4,7 años). El esofagograma confirmó el diagnóstico. Cinco pacientes presentaron malformaciones asociadas. Cuatro pacientes fueron tratados quirúrgicamente y siete, con dilataciones. La histopatología identificó tres de tipo fibromuscular y una con restos traqueobronquiales. Todos evolucionaron favorablemente con un seguimiento promedio de 4,5 años. Las dilataciones fueron efectivas en la mayoría de los pacientes que se trataron por este método.

Congenital esophageal stenosis is a very rare condition and there is no standard treatment. We report the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of 11 patients with this condition managed at our institution. The most common symptom was dysphagia. The age at diagnosis was between 1 day and 14 years (mean age: 4.7 years). The esophagogram confirmed the diagnosis. Five patients presented associated anomalies. Four patients received surgical treatment and 7 only balloon dilatations. Pathologic examinations showed 3 fibromuscular stenosis and one with tracheobronchial remnants. All patients had a good outcome with a mean follow up of 4.5 years. Balloon dilatations were the definitive treatment in most of the patients.

Terapéutica endoscópica mediante dilataciones en estenosis esofágicas benignas / Endoscopic therapy through dilatation of benign esophageal stenosis

Introducción: Las dilataciones endoscópicas constituyen la primera opción terapéutica para eliminar las estenosis esofágicas benignas y mejorar los síntomas y la calidad de vida de los pacientes que las presentan. Objetivo: Describir los resultados de las dilataciones endoscópicas en pacientes con estenosis esofágicas benignas, atendidos en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso, durante enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2016. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional longitudinal de serie de casos, en 59 pacientes con estenosis esofágicas benignas. Las dilataciones se efectuaron con Bujías de Savary-Gilliard y balones. Resultados: La edad media fue de 52,5 años, predominaron los hombres con 37 (62,7 por ciento) pacientes. Las etiologías más frecuentes fueron la postquirúrgicas, pépticas y caústicas con 25, 14 y 6 casos respectivamente. Predominaron las estenosis cortas en 51 casos. En 48 pacientes se utilizaron bujías, con un total de 149 dilataciones, con una media de 3,1 dilataciones/pacientes, 47,5 por ciento corrigió la estenosis con 1-3 sesiones; 11 casos se dilataron con balón, con una media de 1,3 dilataciones/pacientes. En el grupo de los dilatados con Bujías de Savary-Guilliard, 4 pacientes mostraron refractariedad y ocurrieron una perforación y 2 sangrados. Posterior a las dilataciones, en 93,2 por ciento de los pacientes, mejoró o desapareció la disfagia. Conclusiones: La terapéutica endoscópica mediante dilataciones en las estenosis esofágicas benignas demostró ser una buena alternativa, al lograr su corrección con pocas sesiones de dilataciones, bajo número de complicaciones y mejoría de la disfagia(AU)

Introduction: Endoscopic dilatation is the first therapeutic option to eliminate benign esophageal stenosis and improve the symptoms and the quality of life of those patients who suffer from it. Objective:To describe the results of endoscopic dilatation in patients with benign esophageal stenosis treated in the National Center for Endoscopic Surgery from January 2015 to December 2016. Material and Methods:A case series longitudinal observational study was conducted in 59 patients with benign esophageal stenosis. Dilatations were done with Savary-Gilliard bougie and balloons. Results:The mean age was 52,5 years, and the condition predominated in 37 male patients (62,7 percent). Post-surgical, peptic, and caustic were the most frequent etiologies with 25, 14, and 6 cases, respectively. Short stenosis predominated in 51 cases. Bougies were used in 48 patients for a total of 149 dilatations, corresponding to a mean of 3,1 dilatations/ patients. Correction of the stenosis was made in 1-3 sessions in 47 percent of patients; 11 cases were dilated with balloon, corresponding to a mean of 1- 3 dilatations/ patients. Four patients from the group that were dilated with Savary-Gilliard bougies showed refractoriness. A perforation, and two bleedings occurred. After the dilatations, dysphagia improved or disappeared in 93,2 percent of patients. Conclusions:Endoscopic therapy through dilatation of benign esophageal stenosis indicated to be a good alternative method in achieving corrections in a few dilatation sessions, with a low number of complications, and an improvement of the dysphagia(AU)

Alternativas de intervencionismo en las dilataciones esofágicas en el niño / Intervention alternatives in the esophageal dilations of the child

Introducción: el notable desarrollo de la imagenología, la introducción de bujías dilatadoras y de los stents, han permitido importantes avances en el tratamiento de la estenosis esofágica en el niño. Objetivo: evaluar las diferentes modalidades de intervencionismo en las dilataciones esofágicas, teniendo en cuenta la etiología, el tipo de lesión y los recursos disponibles. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal y prospectivo, en el que se expone nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de 106 pacientes, con estenosis esofágica, ingresados en el servicio de cirugía del Hospital Pediátrico Docente Universitario de Centro Habana, a los cuales se les aplicaron diferentes modalidades de tratamiento dilatador, en el período comprendido de Enero de 1995 a Enero de 2011. Resultados: la ingesta de sustancias cáusticas constituyó la principal causa de estenosis esofágica en el 91,4 por ciento, por lo que requirió este grupo un mayor número de sesiones y de dilataciones (promedio 21,6 sesiones por paciente/rango 16 a 34; dilataciones 54 por pacientes), para las posquirúrgicas (promedio de 7 sesiones/rango de 2 a 5; y 16 dilataciones por paciente). La modalidad más utilizada fue la endoscópica videoasistida con arco en C, y la eficacia del tratamiento fue de un 90,5 por ciento. Requirieron de sustitución esofágica el 9,5 por ciento de los pacientes. Conclusiones: las dilataciones esofágicas en las estenosis de diferentes etiologías deben de iniciarse de forma precoz, y ser la primera línea de tratamiento antes de considerar otras variantes como las que implican una cirugía de sustitución del órgano

Introduction: the great development of imaging, and the introduction of dilating bougies and stents have allowed important advances in the treatment of esophageal stenosis in the child. Objective: to evaluate the different modalities of interventionism in esophageal dilations, taking the etiology, the type of lesion and the available resources into account. Methods: a prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out to present our experience in treating 106 patients who suffered esophageal stenosis, were admitted to the surgical service of university teaching pediatric hospital of Centro Habana and were performed different dilating treatment modalities in the period of January 1995 to January 2011. Results: the intake of caustic substances represented the main cause of esophageal stenosis in 91.4 percent of cases, so this group required a higher number of sessions and of dilations (average of 21.6 sessions per patient/range of 16 to 34; dilations, 54 per patient) for post-surgical periods (average of 7 sessions/range of 2 to 5 and 16 dilations per patient). The most used modality was video-assisted endoscopy with C-arch and the efficacy of treatment was 90.5 percent. Of these patients, 9.5 percent required esophageal replacement. Conclusions: esophageal dilations in stenoses of different etiologies should early start and be the first line of treatment before considering other variants such as the organ replacement surgery

Prótesis Choostent como método de paliación de la disfagia secundaria a patología maligna / Use of Choostent prosthetic device for palliation of dysphagia secondary to esophageal cancer

Background: Esophageal cancer causes disabling dysphagia and swallowing problems. Aim: To prospectively analyze the outcome of the insertion of a covered self-expanding metallic Choostent type prosthesis as a method of palliation of dysphagia, esophageal fistula or leak secondary to malignant disease of the esophagus or cardia. Material and Methods: A total of 30 consecutive patients aged 75 +/- 8.8 years (63 percent males) with malignant disease of the esophagus or cardia were studied. Results: In 27 patients (90 percent) the stenosis was located in the esophagus, in two (6.7 percent) at the gastroesophageal junction and in one (3.3 percent) at the esophago - jejunal anastomosis due to tumor recurrence. In 24 cases (80 percent), the indication of the prosthesis was dysphagia, in three (10 percent) the presence of a tracheo-esophageal fistula and in the remaining three (10 percent), the suspicion of a perforation. Patients were followed until death. The prosthesis was inserted without incidents in 29 patients (96.6 percent). One patient had a pneumomediastinum, which evolved favorably. Dysphagia subsided in all patients. Early evolution was satisfactory in 12 patients (66.7 percent). The most common early complication was a transient chest pain in 3 cases (10 percent). Four patients (13.3 percent) died within 30 days post procedure. Of the remaining 26 patients, 14 (53.8 percent) had late complications (recurrence of dysphagia in 42 percent and hemorrhage in 11 percent). The mean interval between stent insertion and death was 169 +/- 142.5 days. Conclusions: The Choostent esophageal prosthesis improves dysphagia immediately and safely. However, its use is associated with a high rate of late complications, directly related to prosthetic dysfunction.

Objetivo: Analizar en forma prospectiva los resultados de la inserción de una prótesis metálica autoexpandible cubierta tipo Choostent como método de paliación de la disfagia, fístulas o fugas esofágicas secundarias a patología maligna del esófago o cardias. Material y Método: Se estudiaron un total de 30 pacientes consecutivos portadores de patología maligna del esófago o de cardias. La edad promedio fue de 75 +/- 8,8 años. 19 (63,3 por ciento) eran del género masculino. En 27 pacientes (90 por ciento) la estenosis comprometía el esófago, en 2 (6,7 por ciento) la unión gastroesofágica y en 1 (3,3 por ciento) la anastomosis esófago yeyunal por recidiva tumoral. En 24/30 casos (80 por ciento), la indicación de la prótesis fue la disfagia, en 3 (10 por ciento) la presencia de fístula esófago-traqueal y en los 3 restantes (10 por ciento), la sospecha de perforación. Los pacientes fueron controlados hasta su fallecimiento. Resultados: La prótesis se insertó sin incidentes en 29/30 pacientes (96,7 por ciento). Un caso (3 por ciento) presentó neumo-mediastino, que evolucionó favorablemente. La disfagia cedió en la totalidad de los enfermos. La evolución precoz fue satisfactoria en 12/30 pacientes (40 por ciento), siendo la complicación precoz más frecuente el dolor torácico transitorio en 3 casos (10 por ciento). Fallecieron precozmente 4 enfermos (13,3 por ciento). De los 26 restantes, en 14 (53,8 por ciento) se presentaron complicaciones tardías, siendo las más frecuentes la recidiva de la disfagia (42,3 por ciento) y la hemorragia (11,5 por ciento). Conclusión: Las prótesis Choostent mejoran la disfagia en forma inmediata y segura. Son efectivas en el manejo de las fístulas traqueo-esofágicas y perforaciones. Sin embargo, su uso se asocia a una alta tasa de morbilidad tardía directamente relacionada a la disfunción protésica.

Photodynamic Therapy: Establishing Its Role in Palliation of Advanced Esophageal Cancer

No abstract available.

A Single Center Experience of Self-Bougienage on Stricture Recurrence after Surgery for Corrosive Esophageal Strictures in Children

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term treatment of esophageal strictures in children with corrosive esophagitis and to determine the effect of self-bougienage on recurrent strictures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of nine children that were treated for corrosive esophageal strictures from May 2000 to May 2008. Six males and three females were included and their average age was 30 months. Six patients had ingested acids, two patents had ingested alkali, and one ingested an unknown agent. RESULTS: The interval between caustic ingestion and esophageal stricture ranged from one to eight weeks. The average length of the esophageal strictures was 3.8 cm (range, 1 to 9.2 cm). Four patients had a long segment stricture (longer than 5 cm) and one patient had multiple strictures. The most common site of involvement was the upper third followed by the mid third of the esophagus. Eight patients received repeated dilatation using a balloon catheter or bougie dilator. Among the eight patients, two patients had complete resolution of symptoms and six patients required surgery. Among five patients that developed restenosis of the esophageal anastomosis site, three patients had improved symptoms after self-bougienage and two patients had improved symptoms with repeated balloon dilatation or endoscopic bougienage. There were no complications in these patients. CONCLUSION: Although a small number of patients were studied, self-bougienage was safe, less invasive, and effective for the management of esophageal restenosis in patients who required frequent dilation after surgery.

Benign Strictures of the Esophagus and Gastric Outlet: Interventional Management

Benign strictures of the esophagus and gastric outlet are difficult to manage conservatively and they usually require intervention to relieve dysphagia or to treat the stricture-related complications. In this article, authors review the non-surgical options that are used to treat benign strictures of the esophagus and gastric outlet, including balloon dilation, temporary stent placement, intralesional steroid injection and incisional therapy.

Estenoses benignas de esôfago: abordagem endoscópica com velas de Savary-Gilliard / Benign strictures of the esophagus: endoscopic approach with Savary-Gilliard bougies

RACIONAL: As estenoses benignas de esôfago são complicações decorrentes de diversas causas. Possuem tratamentos similares, na maioria dos casos necessitando de dilatação endoscópica, no entanto a resposta terapêutica, tempo ideal de tratamento, assim como intervalo entre as sessões podem ser variáveis. OBJETIVO: Analisar, do ponto de vista endoscópico, as estenoses benignas de esôfago em 14 anos de experiência no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, avaliando etiologia, a extensão da estenose, o número de dilatações necessário para atingir resposta terapêutica satisfatória, assim como a relação entre a extensão da estenose e a resposta terapêutica. MÉTODO: Foram analisadas 2.568 dilatações endoscópicas com uso de velas de Savary-Gilliard em 236 pacientes, durante um período de 14 anos e 10 meses, até junho de 2007. RESULTADOS: A estenose péptica foi a causa mais freqüentemente encontrada, seguida pela estenose cáustica. As estenoses longas e cáusticas necessitaram de maior número de sessões para ausência de disfagia. Estenoses pépticas e curtas responderam melhor a número menor de sessões de dilatação. CONCLUSÃO: A estenose péptica foi a causa mais comum e respondeu bem à terapia endoscópica, em concordância com a literatura. As estenoses cáusticas foram as mais refratárias, principalmente as longas. Quanto maior foi a extensão da estenose, também maior foi o número de sessões necessárias. Estenoses curtas apresentaram boa evolução na maioria dos casos. O número de dilatações necessárias dependeu diretamente da causa e da extensão da estenose.

BACKGROUND: Benign esophageal strictures are complications that result from different causes. They are usually similarly approached, most of the cases needing endoscopic dilation. However the response to therapy, optimal timing for treatment and interval between sessions can vary. AIM: The authors evaluate 14 years of experience with benign stricture of the esophagus from the endoscopic point of view in the "Clementino Fraga Filho" University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. They evaluated etiology, length of stricture, number of dilations needed to reach satisfactory therapeutic response, and the relation between length of stricture and therapeutic response. METHODS: We analyzed 2,568 endoscopic dilations using Savary-Gilliard dilators in 236 patients. The follow up period was 14 years and 10 months, until June of 2007. RESULTS: Peptic strictures were the more frequent, followed by caustic strictures. Long strictures and caustic strictures needed more sessions to abolish dysphagia. Peptic strictures and short ones had better response to a smaller number of sessions. CONCLUSION: In this study, peptic strictures were the commonest etiology and responded best to endoscopic therapy, in accordance with published literature. Caustic strictures were the most refractory, mainly the long segments. The longer the extension of stenosis, the greater was the number dilation sessions needed for relief. Short strictures had a good prognosis in the great majority of cases. The number of dilations depended directly on the etiology and the extension of the stricture.

Effect of corticosteroid therapy in esophageal stricture of a child with chronic granulomatous disease

In chronic granulomatous disease [CGD] patients, esophageal stricture is a rare complication and the treatment of choice is still controversial. There are few reports of successful therapy with antibiotics, corticosteroids, multiple balloon dilatations or their combination. We report a 3-three-year-old Iranian boy with recurrent esophageal obstruction due to CGD. The patient transiently responded to dilatation in one occasion and at another time to short term steroid therapy. We observed an excellent response when long term and high dose of corticosteroid was administered. It showed that a long term and high dose steroid therapy is more effective than a short term in a patient with CGD and esophageal stricture

Endoscopic dilatation of esophageal strictures in children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To assess the causes of esophageal stricture in pediatric patients and their response to endoscopic dilatation.METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical and endoscopic data obtained from children and adolescents with esophageal stricture submitted to endoscopic dilatation between July 1993 and January 2003.OBJECTIVE: To assess the causes of esophageal stricture in pediatric patients and their response to endoscopic dilatation.METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical and endoscopic data obtained from children and adolescents with esophageal stricture submitted to endoscopic dilatation between July 1993 and January 2003.RESULTS: A total of 125 patients aged between 1 month and 16 years were included in the study. Among the types of stenosis, postoperative (43.2%), corrosive (27.2%) and peptic (21.6%) strictures were the most prevalent. Those patients with corrosive esophageal stricture needed more dilatation sessions. Five cases of esophageal perforation and one case of hemorrhage occurred due to complications during the procedure. Good response to endoscopic treatment was described in 74.4% of cases, but better results were obtained from patients with peptic esophageal stricture.CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic treatment of esophageal strictures in children and adolescents yields good results and has a low rate of complications. Corrosive esophageal strictures have a higher morbidity and require more dilatation sessions.

Dilatación endoscopica y aplicación de esteroides intralesionales en las estenosis esofágicas por cáusticos y posquirúrgicas / Dilation endoscopic and application of steroids intralesionales in the estenosis esophagel for caustic and post surgical

La aplicación de esteroides intralesionales ha mostrado ser efectiva en las estenosis esofágicas refractarias de diferentes etiologías. El presente estudio pretende evaluar la eficacia de la aplicación intralesional del acetónido de triamcinolona y comparar los resultados de la dilatación endoscópica en un grupo que recibe el esteroide con un grupo control, en las estenosis esofágicas causadas por cáusticos o posquirúrgicas. De 56 pacientes con estenosis esofágica, 35 por cáusticos y 21 posquirúrgicas, 17 pacientes con ingesta de corrosivos y 11 postoperatorios se sometieron a la dilatación y aplicación de triamcinolona intralesional. Se calculó el intervalo y frecuencia de las dilataciones antes y después de la aplicación del esteroide y se cálculo un índice de dilatación periódica con base en el número de dilataciones sobre el número de meses antes y después de la aplicación de los esteroide. El promedio de edad de los 28 pacientes (13 hombres y 15 mujeres) con esteroides intralesionales fue de 36 años (rango de 15 a 70) y para el grupo control de 29 años (rango de 15 a 68). No se encontraron diferencias entre el grupo tratado y el grupo control en lo referente al origen de la estenosis, longitud, ubicación y distribución por sexo. En diez pacientes se aplicó una sola dosis del esteroide, mientras 13 requirieron 2 dosis y en 5 hasta 3 dosis. La totalidad de los pacientes ya habían sido dilatados cuando se les aplicó los esteroides. Se cálculo el índice de dilatación antes y después de la aplicación de los esteroides encontrándose que este índice mejoraba significativamente (p<0,01) para el grupo que recibía los esteroides y tenía una estenosis posquirúrgicas. La aplicación intralesional de esteroides no aumenta los efectos de la dilatación endoscópica en los pacientes con estenosis esofágica por cáusticos, teniendo un efecto significativamente favorable en las estenosis posquirúrgicas. La aplicación de esteroides no aumenta los efectos de la dilatación endo...

Estenosis esofágica isquémica por uso de sonda de balón: presentación de un caso / Ischemic esophageal stenosis due to the use of the balloon catheter: a case report

Las estenosis esofágicas son situaciones relativamente frecuentes en la práctica médica diaria. Se dividen en malignas y benignas de acuerdo con significación, pronóstico y conducta ante ellas. Mientras que en el primer grupo predominan las neoplasias primarias de esófago, el segundo representa un grupo de causas múltiples y heterogéneas. El presente trabajo trata sobre el desarrollo de una estenosis esofágica benigna, de tipo isquémico, a partir del uso de sonda de balón (sonda de Blakemore-Sengstaken) para tratar un episodio de sangrado digestivo alto. Debido a lo infrecuente de esta complicación, así como a la escasez de datos científicos o investigativos sobre el tema, se discuten los posibles mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados, así como las principales estrategias terapéuticas, tanto profilácticas como curativas, necesarias para la atención de estos pacientes

Congenital esophageal stenosis

Congenital esophageal stenosis CES is an uncommon anomaly that rarely goes undiagnosed until adulthood. We report 2 cases of CES. The first was a one-month-old baby boy who was referred for work up of swallowing disorder and recurrent pneumonias. The diagnosis was confirmed by a continuous fluoroscopic esophagogram, and endoscopic exploration. Simple dilatation resolved his symptoms completely. The second was an 18-month-old boy, who was referred with a feeding gastrostomy due to complete esophageal obstruction. Resection and end-to-end anastomosis was performed with uneventful postoperative course